Cenchrus
Cenchrus longispinus[1]
Cenchrus echinatus burr
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Cenchrinae
Genus: Cenchrus
L. (1753)[2]
Type species
Cenchrus echinatus[3][4]
Synonyms[5]
  • Amphochaeta Andersson (1855)
  • Beckeropsis Fig. & De Not. (1853)
  • Catatherophora Steud. (1829)
  • Cenchropsis Nash (1903)
  • Echinaria Fabr. (1759), rejected name not Desf. 1799
  • Eriochaeta Fig. & De Not. (1853)
  • Gymnotrix P.Beauv. (1812)
  • Kikuyuochloa H.Scholz (2006)
  • Lloydia Delile (1844), nom. illeg.
  • Odontelytrum Hack. (1898)
  • Penicillaria Willd. (1809)
  • Pennisetum Rich. (1805)
  • Pseudochaetochloa Hitchc. (1924)
  • Raram Adans. (1763)
  • Runcina Allamand (1770)
  • Sericura Hassk. (1842)

Cenchrus is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.[4][6] Its species are native to many countries in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands.[7][8]

Common names include buffelgrasses, sandburs, and sand spur. Such names allude to the sharp, spine-covered burrs characterizing the inflorescences of the members of the genus.[9]

Some botanists include the genus within the related genus Pennisetum.

Species

107 species are currently accepted.[5] They include:[10][11][12][13]

  • Cenchrus abyssinicus (Hack.) Morrone – Ethiopia, Tanzania, Yemen, Limpopo, Mpumalanga
  • Cenchrus agrimonioides Trin. – kāmanomano – Hawaiian Islands
  • Cenchrus alopecuroides (L.) Thunb.
  • Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus annuus (Mez) Morrone
  • Cenchrus arnhemicus (F.Muell.) Morrone – Australia (Western Australia and Northern Territory)
  • Cenchrus articularis (Trin.) M.W.Tornab. & W.L.Wagner
  • Cenchrus basedowii (Summerh. & C.E.Hubb.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus beckeroides (Leeke) ined.
  • Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. – kram-kram – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Madagascar
  • Cenchrus brevisetosus (B.K.Simon) B.K.Simon – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland)
  • Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult. – North America, South America, and West Indies
  • Cenchrus cafer (Bory) Veldkamp
  • Cenchrus caliculatus Cav. – Australia, New Zealand, and assorted islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans
  • Cenchrus caudatus (Schrad.) Kuntze
  • Cenchrus chilensis (É.Desv.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus ciliaris L. – buffelgrass – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Sicily; naturalized as a nutritious arid pasture lands in parts of North and South America, Australia,[14] Southeast Asia, and various islands; considered noxious weed in some places
  • Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus complanatus (Nees) Morrone
  • Cenchrus × cupreus (Thorpe) Govaerts
  • Cenchrus distachyus (E.Fourn.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus distichophyllus Griseb. – Cuba
  • Cenchrus divisus (J.F.Gmel.) Verloove, Govaerts & Buttler
  • Cenchrus domingensis (Spreng. ex Schult.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus durus (Beal) Morrone
  • Cenchrus echinatus L. – common sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies; naturalized in parts of Africa, southern Asia, and various islands
  • Cenchrus elegans (Hassk.) Veldkamp – Malesia
  • Cenchrus elymoides F.Muell. – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland)
  • Cenchrus exiguus (Mez) ined.
  • Cenchrus flaccidus (Griseb.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus flexilis (Mez) Morrone
  • Cenchrus foermerianus (Leeke) Morrone
  • Cenchrus geniculatus Thunb.
  • Cenchrus glaucifolius (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Rudov
  • Cenchrus gracilescens (Hochst.) Zon
  • Cenchrus gracillimus Nash – West Indies and southeastern USA
  • Cenchrus henryanus (F.Br.) M.W.Tornab. & W.L.Wagner
  • Cenchrus hohenackeri (Hochst. ex Steud.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus hordeoides (Lam.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus intectus (Chase) Morrone
  • Cenchrus lanatus (Klotzsch) Morrone
  • Cenchrus latifolius (Spreng.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus laxius (Clayton) Zon
  • Cenchrus ledermannii (Mez) ined.
  • Cenchrus longisetus M.C.Johnst.
  • Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. – mat sandbur – Canada, USA, and Mexico
  • Cenchrus longissimus (S.L.Chen & Y.X.Jin) Morrone
  • Cenchrus × longistylus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Thulin & S.M.Phillips
  • Cenchrus massaicus (Stapf) Morrone
  • Cenchrus mezianus (Leeke) Morrone
  • Cenchrus michoacanus H.F.Gut. & Morrone
  • Cenchrus mitis Andersson – Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Mozambique
  • Cenchrus monostigma (Pilg.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus multiflorus J.Presl – Mexico, Central America
  • Cenchrus mutilatus Kuntze
  • Cenchrus myosuroides Kunth – North America, South America, and West Indies
  • Cenchrus nanus (Engl.) ined.
  • Cenchrus nervosus (Nees) Kuntze
  • Cenchrus nodiflorus (Franch.) Zon
  • Cenchrus nubicus (Hochst.) Zon
  • Cenchrus occidentalis (Chase) Morrone
  • Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus palmeri Vasey – Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Arizona
  • Cenchrus pennisetiformis Steud. – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Indian Subcontinent
  • Cenchrus peruvianus (Trin.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus petiolaris (Hochst.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus pilcomayensis (Mez) Morrone
  • Cenchrus pilosus Kunth – central Mexico to northern Chile
  • Cenchrus pirottae (Chiov.) Zon
  • Cenchrus platyacanthus Andersson – Galápagos
  • Cenchrus prieurii (Kunth) Maire – Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Myanmar
  • Cenchrus preslii (Kunth) ined.
  • Cenchrus procerus (Stapf) Morrone
  • Cenchrus prolificus (Chase) Morrone
  • Cenchrus pseudotriticoides (A.Camus) Voronts.
  • Cenchrus pumilus (Hack.) ined.
  • Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone – Africa and Oman
  • Cenchrus qianningensis (S.L.Zhong) Morrone
  • Cenchrus ramosus (Hochst.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus rigidus (Griseb.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus riparius (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus robustus R.D.Webster – Queensland and New South Wales
  • Cenchrus rupestris (Chase) Morrone
  • Cenchrus sagittatus (Henrard) Morrone
  • Cenchrus schweinfurthii (Pilg.) Zon
  • Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone – tender fountain grass, crimson fountaingrass – northern Africa and southwestern Asia; naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, and scattered places in Europe and the Americas
  • Cenchrus setiger Vahl – Sahara, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands
  • Cenchrus shaanxiensis (S.L.Chen & Y.X.Jin) Morrone
  • Cenchrus sichuanensis (S.L.Chen & Y.X.Jin) Morrone
  • Cenchrus sieberianus (Schltdl.) Verloove
  • Cenchrus somalensis Clayton – Somalia
  • Cenchrus sphacelatus (Nees) Morrone
  • Cenchrus spinifex Cav. – coastal sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies
  • Cenchrus squamulatus (Fresen.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus stramineus (Peter) Morrone
  • Cenchrus tempisquensis (R.W.Pohl) Morrone
  • Cenchrus thulinii (S.M.Phillips) Morrone
  • Cenchrus trachyphyllus (Pilg.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus tribuloides L. – sanddune sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies
  • Cenchrus trisetus (Leeke) Morrone
  • Cenchrus tristachyus (Kunth) Kuntze
  • Cenchrus uliginosus (Hack.) ined.
  • Cenchrus unisetus (Nees) Morrone
  • Cenchrus violaceus (Lam.) Morrone
  • Cenchrus weberbaueri (Mez) Morrone
  • Cenchrus yemensis (Deflers) Rudov & Akhani
Formerly included[10]

Several species are now considered better suited to other genera: Anthephora, Centotheca, Dactyloctenium, Echinaria, Echinolaena, Hackelochloa, Hilaria, Pennisetum, Phragmites, Scleria, Setaria, Trachys, Tragus, Tribolium.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Line drawing of Cenchrus longispinus from the USDA PLANTS Database. Source: http://plants.usda.gov/java/largeImage?imageID=ceca6_001_avd.tif Original source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 1: 167.
  2. ↑ "Genus: Cenchrus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-03-09. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  3. ↑ lectotype designated by Green, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 193 (1929)
  4. 1 2 Tropicos, Cenchrus L.
  5. 1 2 Cenchrus L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  6. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 1049-1050 in Latin
  7. ↑ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 552 蒺藜草属 ji li cao shu Cenchrus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1049. 1753.
  8. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Cenchrus includes photos and range maps for several species
  9. ↑ "What is a Sandspur anyway?". shelkey.org. 2008-10-20. Archived from the original on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  10. 1 2 "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".
  11. ↑ "Cenchrus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  12. ↑ "GRIN Species Records of Cenchrus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2011-03-06.
  13. ↑ The Plant List search for Cenchrus
  14. ↑ Henry DR Pasture plants of Southern Inland Queensland. DPI. 1995
  • Culbert, D. (2003-10-19). "Sticky Sandspur". UF/IFAS Okeechobee County Extension Service.
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