| Swatow dialect | |
|---|---|
| Shantou | |
| 汕頭話 Suan¹tao⁵ uê⁷ | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Mainly in Shantou, southeastern Guangdong province. |
Early forms | |
| Peng'im | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | shan1244 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jif |
 Shantou dialect | |
The Swatow dialect, or in Mandarin the Shantou dialect, is a Chinese dialect mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is a dialect of Chaoshan Min language.[4] It is similar to and largely mutually intelligible with the Teochew dialect.
Phonology
Shantou dialect has 18 initials, 61 rimes and 8 tones.
Initials
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||
| Nasal | /m/ 毛 |
/n/ 腦 |
/ŋ/ 俄 |
|||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
tenuis | /p/ 波 |
/t/ 刀 |
/ts/ 之 |
/k/ 哥 |
/ʔ/ 烏 |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ 抱 |
/tʰ/ 天 |
/tsʰ/ 此 |
/kʰ/ 戈 |
||
| voiced | /b/ 無 |
/g/ 鵝 |
||||
| Continuant | voiceless | /s/ 思 |
||||
| voiced | /l/ 羅 |
/z/ 入 |
/h/ 何 | |||
Rimes
| i 衣 | u 污 | |
| a 亞 | ia 呀 | ua 娃 |
| o 窩 | io 腰 | |
| e 啞 | ue 鍋 | |
| ɯ 余 | ||
| ai 哀 | uai 歪 | |
| oi 鞋 | ui 威 | |
| au 歐 | iau 夭 | |
| ou 烏 | iu 憂 | |
| ĩ 丸 | ||
| ã 噯 | ĩã 營 | uã 鞍 |
| ĩõ 羊 | ||
| ẽ 楹 | ||
| ɯ̃ 秧 | ||
| ãĩ 愛 | ||
| õĩ 閑 | ||
| im 音 | ||
| am 庵 | iam 淹 | |
| iŋ 因 | uŋ 溫 | |
| aŋ 按 | iaŋ 央 | uaŋ 汪 |
| oŋ 翁 | ioŋ 雍 | |
| eŋ 英 | ||
| ɤŋ 恩 | ||
| iʔ 裂 | ||
| aʔ 鴨 | iaʔ 益 | uaʔ 呴 |
| oʔ 學 | ioʔ 約 | |
| eʔ 厄 | ||
| oiʔ 狹 | iuʔ | |
| ip̚ 邑 | ||
| ap̚ 盒 | iap̚ 壓 | uap̚ 法 |
| ik̚ 乙 | uk̚ 熨 | |
| ak̚ 惡 | iak̚ 躍 | uak̚ 獲 |
| ok̚ 屋 | iok̚ 育 | |
| ek̚ 液 | ||
| m̩ 唔 |
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 |
dark rising 陰上 |
dark departing 陰去 |
dark entering 陰入 |
light level 陽平 |
light rising 陽上 |
light departing 陽去 |
light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | ˧ (33) | ˥˧ (53) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (55) | ˧˥ (35) | ˩ (11) | ˥ (5) |
| Example Hanzi | 詩 | 死 | 四 | 薛 | 時 | 是 | 示 | 蝕 |
Tone sandhi
Shantou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
| Original citation tone | Tone sandhi |
|---|---|
| dark level 33 | 23 |
| light level 55 | 21 |
| dark rising 53 | 35 |
| light rising 35 | 21 |
| dark departing 213 | 55 |
| light departing 11 | 12 |
| dark entering 2 | 5 |
| light entering 5 | 2 |
Notes
References
- ↑ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ↑ Shantou Dialect entry in Glossika
- Office of Chorography of Shantou City 汕头市地方志办公室 (1999). Shan tou shi zhi 汕头市志 ["Chorography of Shantou City"]. Vol. 72. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe 新华出版社 ["Xinhua Publishing House"]. ISBN 9787501143870.
Further reading
- Fielde, Adele M. (1883). A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Fielde, Adele M. (1878). First Lessons in the Swatow Dialect. Swatow: Swatow Printing Office Company. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Lechler, Rudolf, Samuel Wells Williams , William Duffus (1883). English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow. Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Hsiung-chʻêng, Lin (1886). A handbook of the Swatow vernacular. Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
External links
Media related to Shantou dialect at Wikimedia Commons
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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